1) What is the first step in problem-solving? A) Writing code B) Debugging C) Understanding the problem D) Optimizing the solution Answer: C 2) Which of these is not a step in the problem-solving process? A) Algorithm development B) Problem analysis C) Random guessing D) Testing and debugging Answer: C 3) What is an algorithm? A) A high-level programming language B) A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem C) A flowchart D) A data structure Answer: B 4) Which of these is the simplest data structure for representing a sequence of elements? A) Dictionary B) List C) Set D) Tuple Answer: B 5) What does a flowchart represent? A) Errors in a program B) A graphical representation of an algorithm C) The final solution to a problem D) A set of Python modules Answer: B 6) What is pseudocode? A) Code written in Python B) Fake code written for fun C) An informal high-level description of an algorithm D) A tool for testing code Answer: C 7) Which of the following tools is NOT commonly used in pr...
Names Major Contributions/Discoveries Country of Origin:
1) Isaac Newton(U.K): Universal Law of gravitation; Laws of Motion; Reflecting Telescope.
2) Galileo Galilei (Italy): Law of inertia
3) Archimedes(Greece): Principle of Buoyancy; Principle of the lever.
4) James Clerk Maxwell(U.K.): Electromagnetic theory; Light-and
electromagnetic wave.
5) W.K. Roentgen(Germany): X-rays
6) Marie Sklodowska Curie(Poland): Discovery of Radium and Polonium;
Studies on natural radioactivity.
7) Albert Einstein(Germany): Law of Photoelectricity; Theory of Relativity
8) S.N. Bose(India): Quantum Statistics
9) James Chadwick (U.K.): Neutron
10) Niels Bohr (Denmark): Quantum Model of Hydrogen atom.
11) Earnest Rutherford(Denmark) : Nuclear model of atom.
12) C.V. Raman (India): Inelastic scattering of light by molecules.
13) Christian Huygens (Holland): Wave theory of light.
14) Michael Faraday(U.K.): Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
15) Edwin Hubble(U.S.A):Expanding Universe.
16) Homi Jehangir Bhabha(India): Cascade process in cosmic radiation.
17) Abdus Salam(Pakistan): Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions.
18) RA Millikan(U.S.A.): Measurement of electronic charge.
19) Earnest Orlando Lawrence(U.S.A.):
Cyclotron.
20) Wolfgang Pauli(Austria): Quantum Exclusion Principles.
21) Louis victor de Broglie(France): Wave nature of matter.
22) J.J. Thomson(U.K.): Electron.
23) S. Chandrasekhar (India): Chandrasekhar limit, structure and evolution of stars.
24) Lev Davidovich Landau(Russia): Theory of Condensed Matter; Liquid
Helium.
25)Heinrich Rudolf Hertz(Germany): Electromagnetic waves.
26)J.c. Bose(India): Ultra short radio waves.
27) Hideki Yukawa(Japan): Theory of Nuclear Forces.
28) Werner Heisenberg(Germany): Quantum Mechanics; Uncertainty
Principle.
29) Victor Francis Hess (Austria):Cosmic Radiation.
30) M.N. Saha (India):Thermal Ionization
31)G.N. Ramachandran(India): Triple Helical Structure of Proteins.
LINK BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND PHYSICS
Technologies & Scientific Principle(s)
1)Steam engine : Laws of Thermodynamics
2)Nuclear reactor : Nuclear fission
3) Radio and Television : Propagation of electromagnetic waves
4) Computers : Digital logic
5) lasers : Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (population inversion)
6) Production of ultra high magnetic fields: Superconductivity
7) Rocket : propulsion Newton's (2nd and 3rd) laws of motion
8) Electric generator : Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
9) Hydroelectric power : Conversion of gravitational potential energy into
electrical energy
10) Aeroplane : Bernoulli's principle in fluid dynamics
11) Particle accelerators: Motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields
12) SONAR : Reflection of ultrasonic waves
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE
Forces: Ranges : Operates Among
1) Gravitational force : Infinite : All objects in the universe (Gravitation)
2) Weak nuclear force : Very short, within
nuclear size (~l0-15 m) : Bosons
3) Electromagnetic force: Infinite :Photons
4) Strong nuclear force : Very short, within
nuclear size : (~10-15 m) :Mesons
ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION
1) Heavy water board (HWB) Mumbai.
2) Nuclear fuel complex ( NFC) Hyderabad.
3) Board of radiation & isotope technology (BRIT) Mumbai.
ATOMIC PUBLIC SECTORS
1) Nuclear power corporation of India limited (NPCIL) Mumbai.
2) Uranium corporation of India Limited (UCIL) Jharkhand.
3) Indian rare earth limited (IRE) Mumbai.
4) Electronics corporation of India limited (ECIL) Hyderabad.
AUTONOMOUS NATIONAL INSTITUTES
1) Tata institute of fundamental institute (TIFR) Mumbai
2)Tata memorial centre (TMC) Mumbai
3) Saha institute of Nuclear physics (SINP) Kolkata
4) Institute of physics (IOP) Bhubaneshwar
5) Harish Chandra research institute (HRI) Allahabad
6) Institute of Mathematical sciences (IMSs) Chennai
7)Institute for plasma research (IPR) Ahmedabad
NOBLE PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Year 2016
1. David J. Thouless
2. F. Duncan M. Haldane
3. John. M. Kosterlitz
* For theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phase of matter.
Year 2015
1. Takaaki kajita
2. Arthuv B. Mc Donald
*For the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass.
Year 2014
1. Isamu Akasaki
2. Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamuva
* For the invention of efficient blue light – emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy saving white light sources.
Year 2013
1. Francois Englert, Perter W.Higgs
* For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles and which recently
was confirmed through the discovery of the ATLAS and CMS experiments atCERN’s large Hadron collider.
Year 2012
1. Serge Haroche, David J. Wineland
* For ground breaking experimented methods that enable measuring and
manipulation of individual quantum systems.
Year 2011
1. Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, Adam G.Riess
* For the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through
observation of distant supernovae.