1) What is the first step in problem-solving? A) Writing code B) Debugging C) Understanding the problem D) Optimizing the solution Answer: C 2) Which of these is not a step in the problem-solving process? A) Algorithm development B) Problem analysis C) Random guessing D) Testing and debugging Answer: C 3) What is an algorithm? A) A high-level programming language B) A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem C) A flowchart D) A data structure Answer: B 4) Which of these is the simplest data structure for representing a sequence of elements? A) Dictionary B) List C) Set D) Tuple Answer: B 5) What does a flowchart represent? A) Errors in a program B) A graphical representation of an algorithm C) The final solution to a problem D) A set of Python modules Answer: B 6) What is pseudocode? A) Code written in Python B) Fake code written for fun C) An informal high-level description of an algorithm D) A tool for testing code Answer: C 7) Which of the following tools is NOT commonly used in pr...
DISCOVERIES
* 500 BC Static electricity Thales of Miletus, Greece
* 240 BC How things float Archimedes, Greece
* 150 Earth-centred universe Claudius Ptolemy, Greece
* 1304 Cause of rainbow Nicolaus Copernicus, Poland
* 1600 Earth's magnetism William Gilbert, England
* 1604 How objects fall Galileo Galilei, Italy
* 1609 How the planets move Johannes Kepler, Germany
* 1609 Moons of Jupiter Galileo Galiei, Italy
* 1616 Chemical element defined Robert Boyle, Ireland
* 1643 Air Pressure Evangelista Torricelli, Italy
* 1662 Law of gases Robert Boyle, Ireland
* 1666 Nature of white light Isaac Newton, England
* 1666 Gravity Isaac Newton, England
* 1687 Laws of motion Isaac Newton, England
* 1690 Wave theory of light Christian Huygens, Holland
* 1718 Fahrenheit temperature scale Gabriel Fahrenheit, Germany
* 1742 Centigrade temperature scale Anders Celsius, Sweden
* 1752 The nature of lightning Benjamin Franklin, USA
* 1772 Nature of Combustion Antonie Lavoisier, France
* 1774 Preparation of Oxygen Joseph Priestley, England
* 1791 Metric system of Units France
* 1798 Nature of heat Count Rumford, England
* 1800 Wave nature of light Thomas Young, England
* 1800 Electric current Alessandro Volta, Italy
* 1802 Atomic theory John Dalton, England
* 1807 Discovery of new Humphry Davy, elements using electricity England
* 1808 How gases combine Joseph Gay-Lussac, France
* 1811 Molecules in gases Amedeo Avogadro, Italy
* 1820 Electromagnetism Hans Oersted, Denmark
* 1820 Force between current carrying wires Andre Ampere, France
* 1827 Law of electric current George Ohm, Germany
* 1831 Electromagnetic induction Michael Faraday, England
* 1833 Laws of Electrolysis Michael Faraday, England
* 1841 Heat and work James Joule, England
* 1855 Prediction of radio-waves James Maxwell, Scotland
* 1869 Periodic table of elements Dimitri Mendelev USSR
* 1887 Radio waves discovered Heinrich Hertz, Germany
* 1887 Speed of light Albert Michelson, USA
* 1894 Noble gases William Ramsey, Scotland
* 1895 X-rays Wilhelm Rontgen, Germany
* 1896 Radioactivity Antoine Becquerel" France
* 1897 Electron Joseph John Thomson,
England
* 1898 Radium Pierre and Marie Curie, France
* 1899 Alpha and Beta particles Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand
* 1900 Quantum theory Max Planck, Germany
* 1903 Theory of radioactivity Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand) and Frederick Soddy (England)
* 1905 Relativity Albert Einstein, Germany
* 1905 Photoelectric effect Albert Einstein, Germany
* 1911 Atomic nucleus Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand
* 1911 Superconductors HeikeKammerlingh Onnes, Holland
* 1913 Structure of the atom Niels Bohr, Denmark
* 1915 General relativity Albert Einstein, Germany
* 1919 Proton Ernest Rutherford, NewZealand
* 1926 Wave nature of matter Erwin Schroedinger, Austria
* 1927 Uncertainty principle Werner Heisenberg, Germany
* 1929 Expanding universe Edwin Hubble, USA
* 1932 Neutron James Chadwick, England
* 1938 Nuclear Fission Otto Hahn, Germany
* 1939 Chemical bonding Linus Pauling. USA
* 1964 Quark Murray Gell-Mann, USA
* 1974 Black hole Stephen Hawking, England
* 1984 Polymerase chain Kary Mullis reaction
* 1986 High-temperature Alex Muller (Switzerland) and superconductors George Bednorz (West Germany).
INVENTIONS
*BC Wheel Asia
* 4000 BC Weighing instruments Mesopotamia
* 3500 BC Potters wheel Mesopotamia
* 236 BC Screw for lifting water Archimedes,Greece
* 600 BC Cast iron China
* 1000 Gunpowder China
* 1088 Water-powered clock Han Kung-Lien, China
* 1267 Magnifying glass Roger Bacon, England
* 1280 Spectacles Sadi Popozo, Italy
* 1450 Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg, Germany
* 1590 Microscope Zacharias Janseen, Holland
* 1593 Thermometer Galileo Galilei, Italy
* 1608 Lens telescope Hans Lippershey, Holland
* 1642 Adding machine Blaise Pascal, France
* 1643 Mercury barometer Evangelista Torricelli, Italy
* 1657 Pendulum clock Christiaan Huygens, Holland
* 1668 Reflecting telescope Issac Newton, England
* 1674 Calculating machine Gottfried von Leibniz. Germany
* 1698 Steam engine Thomas Savery, England
* 1764 Spinning machine James Hargreaves, England
* 1712 Steam-driven pump Thomas Newcomen, England
* 1733 Mechanical loom John Kay,England
* 1752 Lightening conductor Benjamin Franklin, USA
* 1769 Efficient steam engine James Watt, England
* 1769 Steam-driven carriage Nicolas Cugnot, France
* 1775 Submarine David Bushnell, USA
* 1786 Steam boat John Fitch USA
* 1783 Hot-air Balloon Etienne and Joseph Montgolfier, France
* 1800 Electric battery Alessandro Volta, Italy
* 1803 Steam train Richard Trevithick, England
* 1820 Electromagnet Hans Oersted, Denmark
* 1822 Photograph Josephe Niepce, France
* 1831 Transformer Michael Faraday, England
* 1831 Dynamo Michael Faraday, England
* 1831 Electric motor Michael Faraday, England
* 1835 Photographic negative William Fox Talbot, England
* 1837 Electric telegraph William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone (England)
* 1838 Morse code Samuel Morse, USA
* 1839 Bicycle Kirkpatrick Macmillan, Scotland
* 1843 Aneroid barometer Lucien Vidi, France
* 1843 Iron-pulled ship Isambard Brunei,
* 1843 Analytical engine Charles Babbage, England
* 1852 Steam-powered airship Henri Giffard, France
* 1856 Steel furnace Henry Bessemer, England
* 1856 Synthetic dyes William Perkin, England
* 1859 Spectroscope Gutav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen, Germany
* 1860 Gas-burning engine Etienne Lenoir, Belgium
* 1862 Plastics Alexander Parkes, England
* 1866 Dry cell battery Georges Leclanche, France
* 1867 Dynamite Alfred Nobel, Sweden
* 1876 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell, USA
* 1876 Four-stroke gas engine Nikolaus Otto
* 1877 Phonograph Thomas Edison, USA
* 1879 Electric Light Thomas Edison, USA
* 1879 Refrigerator Karl Von Linde,Germany
* 1882 Sewing machine Waiter Hunt, USA
* 1883 Petrol engine Gottlieb Daimler, Germany
* 1884 Steam turbine Charles Parsons, England
* 1885 Motorcycle Gottlieb Daimler, Germany
* 1885 Motor car Karl Benz, Germany
* 1888 Pneumatic cycle tyre John Dunlop, Scotland
* 1889 Telephone exchange Almon Strowger, USA
* 1891 Moving pictures Thomas Edison, USA
* 1891 Electrical storage-battery Gaston Plant, France
* 1892 Oil-burning engine Rudolf Diesel, Germany
* 1894 Radio transmitter Guglielmo Marconi, Italy
* 1897 Cathode-ray tube Ferdinand Braun, Germany
* 1898 Tape recorder Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark
* 1900 Hydrofoil boat E. Forlanini, Italy
* 1903 Aeroplane Wilbur and Orville Wright, USA
* 1904 Diode valve John Ambrose Fleming, England
* 1907 Helicopter Paul Cornu, France
* 1908 Geiger counter Hans Geiger, Germany
* 1918 Sonar Paul Lengevin, France
* 1925 Television John Logie Baird, Scotland
* 1926 Liquid-fuelled rocket Robert Goddard, USA
* 1930 Jet engine Frank Whittle, England
* 1931 Electron microscope Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska, Germany
* 1931 Cyclotron Ernest Lawrence, USA
* 1935 Nylon Wallace Carothers, USA
* 1935 Radar Robert Watson-Watt, England
* 1937 Radio telescope Grote Reber, USA
* 1938 Scanning electron M.Von Ardenne, Germany microscope
* 1942 Nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi, USA
* 1947 Transistor John Bardeen, Wiliam Schokley and Waiter Brattain, USA
* 1947 Instant Camera Edwin Land, USA
* 1948 Computer Fredric Williams and Tom Kilburn, England
* 1948 Hologram Denis Gabor, Hungary
* 1949 Rotary engine Felix Wankel, Germany
* 1954 Communication satellite Arthur Clarke, England
* 1955 Ultrasound scanning I. Donald, England
* 1956 Video recorder A. Poniatoff, USA
* 1957 First artificial satellite USSR
* 1958 Integrated circuit Jack Kilby, USA
* 1960 Laser Theodore Maiman, USA
* 1961 First man in space Yuri Gagarin, USSR
* 1962 First communication USA satellite launched
* 1966 Optical fibres K. Kao and G.Hockham, England
* 1969 First men on Moon Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, USA
* 1971 Microprocessor Ted Hoff, USA
* 1971 First space station USSR
* 1981 Space Shuttle USA
* 1980 Hepatitis B Baruch Vaccine invented Blumberg (USA)
* 1981 MS-DOS invented Tim Paterson and Gary 1st IBM-PC invented Kindall (USA)
scanning tunneling Gred Karl Binning and
microscope Heinrich Rohrer
* 1985 Windows Program Microsoft USA
* 1991 WWW (World Wide Web) Tim Berner Lee
* 2001 iPod Tony Fadell (USA) Self contained artificial Heart Alain F.Carpentier,
* 2005 You Tube - The online Steve Chen, Chad and Jawed Video Sharing Community Karim
* 2008 Large Hadron Colloider CERN French-Swiss border