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Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)...

DEMAND

          If there is no demand for a good there is no need to produce that good. Also if the demand for a good exceeds it's supply there may be need to expand it's production.
          Demand Analysis seeks to identify and analyse the factors that influence the demand. Effective demand has three crucial characteristics
* Desire to have a good.
* Willingness to pay for that good.
* Ability to pay for that good.
          In the absence of these three characteristics there is no demand.
Definition of Demand:
          " Demand indicates the quantities of product which the firm is willing and financially able to purchase at various prices holding other factors constant".
          " Demand is a relation showing the various amount of the commodity that buyer would be willing and able to purchases at possible alternative prices during a given period of time, all other things remaining the same".
Types of Demand:
          There are large number of goods and services available in every economy classification of demand is important inorder to carry out a meaningful demand analysis for Managerial decisions. The classification of demand includes the following 
a) Demand for consumer's goods and producer's goods.
b) Demand for perishable goods and durable goods.
c) Autonomous (direct) and derived                (indirect) demand.
d) Individual buyer's demand and all       buyer's (aggregate/market) demand.
e) Firm & Industry demand.
f) Demand by market segments and by total market.
a) Consumer's goods and Producer's good's:
          Good's and services used for final consumption are called consumer's goods. These include those consumed by human beings (eg: food items). Producer's goods refer to the ones used for production of other goods. (eg: plants& machines, raw materials). Demand for consumer goods depend on individual income and demand for producer's goods depend on production level.
2. Perishable and Durable goods:
          Perishable goods are those which perish or unusual after sometime (eg: milk, fish). It can be consumed only once. 
          Durable goods are used for a long period. In durable goods the services alone can be consumed. (eg: car, refrigerator).
          Sales of non durable are made largely to meet current demand. Which depends on current conditions. In contrast sales of durable goods go partly to satisfy new demand and partly to replace old items.
3. Autonomous and Derived demand:
          The goods whose demand is not tied with the demand for some other goods are said to have autonomous demand. While the rest have derived demand.
          Demand for all producers good's are derived demand.
4. Individual demand and Market demand:
          The demand for a good by an individual buyer is called individuals demand.
          While the demand for all buyer's in a market is called market demand.
5. Firm and Industry demand: 
          Most goods today are produced by more than one firm that is called Industry demand.
For eg: car in India are manufactured by Maruti udyog, Hindustan motors, TATA etc.
          Demand for one particular company's good is called firm's(company) demand .
eg: Demand for maruti car alone.
          The distinction is very important because while there are close substitutes for firms products no such close substitute exists for Industry's product.
6. Demand by market segments and by total market:
          If the market is large in terms of geographical spread, product uses, distribution channels, customer sizes etc. The total market demand would mean the total demand for the product from all market segments.while a particular market segment demand would refer to demand for the product in that specific market segment.
eg: Demand for steel for household market segments
Demand for steel for industrial uses total market.


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