Skip to main content

Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)...

FIRM

          A firm is an organisation which converts inputs into outputs and it sells. Input includes the factors of production (FOP). Such as land, labour, capital and organisation. The output of the firm consists of goods and services they produce.
          The firm's are also classified into categories like private sector firms, public sector firms, joint sector firms and not for profit firms. Group of firms include Universities, public libraries, hospitals, museums, churches, voluntary organisations, labour unions, professional societies etc.
Firm's Objectives: 
          The objectives of the firm includes the following
1. Profit Maximization:
          The traditional theory of firms objective is to maximize the amount of shortrun profits. The public and business community define profit as an accounting concept, it is the difference between total receipts and total profit.
2. Firm's value Maximization:
          Firm's are expected to operate for a long period, they are interested to aim for maximum long term profits instead of maximum short term profits. In today's world it is the primary objective of a firm.
3. Sales Maximization subject to some predetermined profit:
          William J.Baumol has advanced a theory of firms behaviour in which he urgues that a firm seeks a certain level of profit and within that constraint aims at maximum sales. The constrainted variables for Maximization viz., Sales in terms of revenue and not in terms of physical units of goods and services.
4. Size Maximization:
          This is an alternative goal for firms. Growth means an increase in sales and assets or the number of employees. According to Edith Penrose manager have a vital interest in growth of a firm.
5. Long run survival:
          This alternative goal was suggested by K.W.Rothschild. Under this objective the firm seeks to maximize the probability of it's survival into the future. Such an objective would commensurate with the interest of the shareholders and the management. Through this objective the owners would be able to provide security and business to their next generations.
6. Management utility Maximization:
          O.E.Williamson's model of firm behaviour(1963) " focuses on the self interest seeking behaviour of corporate managers". The theory basically ignores the owner's interest where there is contrast between owners and managers. There are many variables in an organization which affect the management utility the promient ones are the salary including bonus if any perquisites, number of subordinates and the managements role in invest decisional.
7. Satisfying:
          Herbert Simon a noble prize winner had proposed an alternate theory of firm behaviour. According to this theory firms do not aim at maximizing anything(profit, sales etc), instead they are set up for themselves some minimum standard of achievement which they hope will assure the firm's viability over a long period of time. This would require satisfying all the constituents of the firm including the stock holders, management, employees, customers, suppliers and government.
8. Other(Non-profit) Objectives:
          The non profit objectives include goals such as Maximization of quantity and quality of output, administrator's utility Maximization, Maximization of factors productivity and Maximization of cash flows.
Conclusion:
          Profits are the most important yard-sticks for judging the success of a firm and business firms are designed to make profits and no firm can afford to go without any profits in the long run.

Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Human Factors in Designing User-Centric Engineering Solutions

Human factors play a pivotal role in the design and development of user-centric engineering solutions. The integration of human-centered design principles ensures that technology not only meets functional requirements but also aligns seamlessly with users' needs, abilities, and preferences. This approach recognizes the diversity among users and aims to create products and systems that are intuitive, efficient, and enjoyable to use. In this exploration, we will delve into the key aspects of human factors in designing user-centric engineering solutions, examining the importance of user research, usability, accessibility, and the overall user experience. User Research: Unveiling User Needs and Behaviors At the core of human-centered design lies comprehensive user research. Understanding the target audience is fundamental to creating solutions that resonate with users. This involves studying user needs, behaviors, and preferences through various methodologies such as surveys, interview...
Read more

Introduction to C Programs

INTRODUCTION The programming language ‘C’ was developed by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s at Bell Laboratories. Although C was first developed for writing system software, today it has become such a famous language that a various of software programs are written using this language. The main advantage of using C for programming is that it can be easily used on different types of computers. Many other programming languages such as C++ and Java are also based on C which means that you will be able to learn them easily in the future. Today, C is mostly used with the UNIX operating system. Structure of a C program A C program contains one or more functions, where a function is defined as a group of statements that perform a well-defined task.The program defines the structure of a C program. The statements in a function are written in a logical series to perform a particular task. The most important function is the main() function and is a part of every C program. Rather, the execution o...
Read more

Performance

Performance ( Optional ) * The I/O system is a main factor in overall system performance, and can place heavy loads on other main components of the system ( interrupt handling, process switching, bus contention, memory access and CPU load for device drivers just to name a few. ) * Interrupt handling can be relatively costly ( slow ), which causes programmed I/O to be faster than interrupt driven I/O when the time spent busy waiting is not excessive. * Network traffic can also loads a heavy load on the system. Consider for example the sequence of events that occur when a single character is typed in a telnet session, as shown in figure( And the fact that a similar group of events must happen in reverse to echo back the character that was typed. ) Sun uses in-kernel threads for the telnet daemon, improving the supportable number of simultaneous telnet sessions from the hundreds to the thousands.   fig: Intercomputer communications. * Rather systems use front-end processor...
Read more