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Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)...

DEADLOCK

DEAD LOCKS
System Model
● For the purposes of deadlock discussion, a system can be modeled as a collection of limited resources, which can be splitted into different classes, to be allocated to a number of processes, each having different needs.
● Resource classes may adds memory, printers, CPUs, open files, tape drives, CD-ROMS, etc.
● By definition, all the resources within a classification are equivalent, and a request of this category can be equally satisfied by any one of the resources in that category. If this is not the instance ( i.e. if there is some difference between the resources within a class ), then that class needs to be 
further divided into separate categories. For example, "printers" may require to be separated into "laser printers" and "color inkjet printers".
● Some classification may have a single resource.
● In normal performance a process must request a resource before using it, and release it when it is complete, in the following sequence:
1. Request - If the request cannot be immediately allowed, then the process must wait until the resource(s) it needs become available. Example: system calls open( ), malloc( ), new( ), and request( ).
2. Use - The process make use of the resource.
Example: prints to the printer or reads from the file.
3. Release - The process relinquishes the resource. so that it becomes obtainable for other processes. 
Example:close( ) free( ) delete( ) and release( ).
● For all kernel-managed resources, the kernel keeps trace of what resources are free and which are allocated, to which process they are allocated, and a queue of processes waiting for this resource 
to become available. Application-managed resources can be controlled utilize mutexes or wait( ) and signal( ) calls, ( i.e. binary or counting semaphores. )
● A group of processes is deadlocked when every process in the group is waiting for a resource that is presently assignedto another process in the group (and which can only be freed when that other 
waiting process makes progress. )



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