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Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)...

Disk Attachment

Disk Attachment
Disk drives can be connected either directly to a particular host (a local disk) or to a network.

Host-Attached Storage
* Local disks are retrieved through I/O Ports as described earlier.
* The most common links are IDE or ATA, each of which allow up to two drives per host controller.
* SATA is similar with simpler cabling.
* High end workstations or other systems in use of larger number of disks typically use SCSI disks:
• The SCSI standard helps up to 16 targets on each SCSI bus, one of which is 
normally the host adapter and the 15 other of which can be disk or tape drives.
• A SCSI target is usually a single drive, but the standard also bears up to 8 units 
within each target. These would generally be used for retrieving individual disks 
within a RAID array. (See below.)
• The SCSI standard also assists multiple host adapters in a single computer, i.e. 
multiple SCSI busses.
• Modern advancements in SCSI include "fast" and "broad" versions, as well as 
SCSI-2.
• SCSI cables may be anyone 50 or 68 conductors. SCSI devices may be exterior as well as interior.
* FC is a high-speed serial architecture that can handle over optical fiber or four-conductor copper wires, and has two variants:
• A large switched fabric has a 24-bit address space. This variant allows for 
multiple devices and multiple hosts to linked, forming the basis for the 
storage-area networks, SANs, to be talk over in a future section.
• The actuated loop, FC-AL that can address up to 126 devices (drives and 
controllers.)

Network-Attached Storage
* Network attached storage connects storage devices to computers using a remote procedure call, RPC, interface, typically with something like NFS file system mounts. This is easy for permiting several computers in a group common access and naming 
conventions for shared storage.
* NAS can be executed using SCSI cabling, or ISCSI uses Internet protocols and standard network connections, allowing long-distance remote access to shared files.
* NAS permits computers to easily share data storage, but tends to be less efficient than standard host-attached storage.
Storage-Areaa Network
* A Storage-Area Network, SAN, links computers and storage devices in a network, using storage protocols instead of network protocols.
* One advantage of this is that storage access does not link regular networking 
bandwidth.
* SAN is very flexible and dynamic, permiting hosts and devices to attach and detach on the fly.
* SAN is also controllable, permiting restricted access to certain hosts and devices.
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