Skip to main content

Smart Grids and Energy Storage Systems

Smart Grids and Energy Storage Systems: Powering the Future of Energy In today’s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the push towards sustainability, efficiency, and reliability is stronger than ever. Traditional power grids, though robust in their time, are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of a modern, digital, and environmentally conscious society. This is where smart grids and energy storage systems (ESS) come into play — revolutionizing how electricity is generated, distributed, and consumed. What is a Smart Grid? A smart grid is an advanced electrical network that uses digital communication, automation, and real-time monitoring to optimize the production, delivery, and consumption of electricity. Unlike conventional grids, which operate in a one-way flow (from generation to end-user), smart grids enable a two-way flow of information and energy. Key Features of Smart Grids: Real-time monitoring of power usage and quality. Automated fault detection and rapid restoration. Int...

Disk structure

Disk Structure

* The conventional head-sector-cylinder, HSC numbers are mapped to linear block addresses by numbering the first sector on the first head on the surface track as sector 0. Numbering begins with the rest of the sectors on that same track, and then the remaining of the tracks on the same cylinder before starting through the remaining of the cylinders to the center of the disk. In modern practice these linear block addresses are used in place of the HSC numbers for a various easons:
1. The rectilinear length of tracks near the surface of the disk is much longer than for those tracks placed near the center, and therefore it is possible to compress many more sectors onto surface than onto internal ones.
2. All disks have some bad sectors, and therefore disks continue a few extra sectors that can be used in place of the bad ones. The mapping of extra sectors to bad sectors in controlled central to the disk controller.
3. Modern hard drives has thousands of cylinders, and hundreds of sectors per 
track on their outermost tracks. These numbers restrict the range of HSC numbers for many (older) operating systems, and therefore disks can be aligned for any suitable combination of HSC values that falls within the complete number of sectors physically on the drive.
* There is a restriction to how closely grouped individual bits can be placed on a physical media, but that limit is growing increasingly more grouped as technological advances are made.
* Modern disks group many more sectors into outer cylinders than inner ones, using one of two approaches:
• With sustained Linear Velocity, CLV, the density of bits is same from cylinder to cylinder. Because there are more sectors in external cylinders, the disk spins slower when reading those cylinders, causing the rate of bits passing under the read-write head to remain constant. This is the method used by modern CDs and DVDs.
• With sustained Angular Velocity, CAV, the disk rotates at a sustained angular speed, with the bit density reducing on outer cylinders. (These disks would have 
a constant number of sectors for each track on all cylinders.)

Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Abbreviations

No :1 Q. ECOSOC (UN) Ans. Economic and Social Commission No: 2 Q. ECM Ans. European Comman Market No : 3 Q. ECLA (UN) Ans. Economic Commission for Latin America No: 4 Q. ECE (UN) Ans. Economic Commission of Europe No: 5 Q. ECAFE (UN)  Ans. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East No: 6 Q. CITU Ans. Centre of Indian Trade Union No: 7 Q. CIA Ans. Central Intelligence Agency No: 8 Q. CENTO Ans. Central Treaty Organization No: 9 Q. CBI Ans. Central Bureau of Investigation No: 10 Q. ASEAN Ans. Association of South - East Asian Nations No: 11 Q. AITUC Ans. All India Trade Union Congress No: 12 Q. AICC Ans. All India Congress Committee No: 13 Q. ADB Ans. Asian Development Bank No: 14 Q. EDC Ans. European Defence Community No: 15 Q. EEC Ans. European Economic Community No: 16 Q. FAO Ans. Food and Agriculture Organization No: 17 Q. FBI Ans. Federal Bureau of Investigation No: 18 Q. GATT Ans. General Agreement on Tariff and Trade No: 19 Q. GNLF Ans. Gorkha National Liberation Front No: ...
Read more

Operations on data structures

OPERATIONS ON DATA STRUCTURES This section discusses the different operations that can be execute on the different data structures before mentioned. Traversing It means to process each data item exactly once so that it can be processed. For example, to print the names of all the employees in a office. Searching It is used to detect the location of one or more data items that satisfy the given constraint. Such a data item may or may not be present in the given group of data items. For example, to find the names of all the students who secured 100 marks in mathematics. Inserting It is used to add new data items to the given list of data items. For example, to add the details of a new student who has lately joined the course. Deleting It means to delete a particular data item from the given collection of data items. For example, to delete the name of a employee who has left the office. Sorting Data items can be ordered in some order like ascending order or descending order depending ...
Read more

Points to Remember

• A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data either in computer’s memory or on the disk storage so that it can be used efficiently. • There are two types of data structures: primitive and non-primitive data structures. Primitive data structures are the fundamental data types which  are supported by a programming language. Non-primitive data structures are those data structures which are created using primitive data structures. • Non-primitive data structures can further be classified into two categories: linear and non-linear data structures.  • If the elements of a data structure are stored in a linear or sequential order, then it is a linear data structure. However, if the elements of a data structure are not stored in sequential order, then it is a non-linear data structure.  • An array is a collection of similar data elements which are stored in consecutive memory locations. • A linked list is a linear data structure consisting of a grou...
Read more