Smart Grids and Energy Storage Systems: Powering the Future of Energy In today’s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the push towards sustainability, efficiency, and reliability is stronger than ever. Traditional power grids, though robust in their time, are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of a modern, digital, and environmentally conscious society. This is where smart grids and energy storage systems (ESS) come into play — revolutionizing how electricity is generated, distributed, and consumed. What is a Smart Grid? A smart grid is an advanced electrical network that uses digital communication, automation, and real-time monitoring to optimize the production, delivery, and consumption of electricity. Unlike conventional grids, which operate in a one-way flow (from generation to end-user), smart grids enable a two-way flow of information and energy. Key Features of Smart Grids: Real-time monitoring of power usage and quality. Automated fault detection and rapid restoration. Int...
STREAMS ( Optional )
* The streams method in UNIX gives a bi-directional pipeline between a user process and a device driver, onto which additional modules can be added.
* The user process conveys with the stream head.
* The device driver interconnects with the device end.
* Zero or additional stream modules can be pushed onto the stream, using ioctl( ). These modules may filter and/or edit the data as it passes through the stream.
* Every module has a read queue and a write queue.
* Flow control can be permissively supported, in which case each module will buffer data until the adjacent module is ready to receive it. Without flow control, data is moved along as soon as it is ready.
* User processes communicate with the stream head using neither read( ) and write() ( or putmsg( ) and getmsg( ) for message passing. )
* Streams I/O is asynchronous ( non-blocking ), other than for the interface between the user process and the stream head.
* The device driver must reply to interrupts from its device - If the adjacent module is not prepared to accept data and the device driver's buffers are all full, then data is typically dropped.
* Streams are mostly used in UNIX, and are the preferred approach for device drivers. For example, UNIX executes sockets using streams.
