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Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)...

Streams

STREAMS ( Optional )
* The streams method  in UNIX gives a bi-directional pipeline between a user process and a device driver, onto which additional modules can be added.
* The user process conveys with the stream head.
* The device driver interconnects with the device end.
* Zero or additional stream modules can be pushed onto the stream, using ioctl( ). These modules may filter and/or edit the data as it passes through the stream.
* Every module has a read queue and a write queue.
* Flow control can be permissively supported, in which case each module will buffer data until the adjacent module is ready to receive it. Without flow control, data is moved along as soon as it is ready.
* User processes communicate with the stream head using neither read( ) and write() ( or putmsg( ) and getmsg( ) for message passing. )
* Streams I/O is asynchronous ( non-blocking ), other than for the interface between the user process and the stream head.
* The device driver must reply to interrupts from its device - If the adjacent module is not prepared to accept data and the device driver's buffers are all full, then data is typically dropped.
* Streams are mostly used in UNIX, and are the preferred approach for device drivers. For example, UNIX executes sockets using streams.
     Figure: The SREAMS structure.


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