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AI Agents: What They Are and How They Will Change Work

Artificial intelligence has moved beyond simply answering questions and generating text. A new generation of AI systems—known as AI agents—is emerging with the ability to plan tasks, use tools, make decisions, and complete multi-step workflows with less human intervention. From managing emails and analyzing data to writing software and assisting customers, AI agents could significantly change how people work. What Are AI Agents? An AI agent is a software system that can perceive information, reason about a goal, take actions, and adapt based on the results. Traditional AI tools usually respond to a specific instruction. For example, you might ask an AI chatbot to summarize a document, and it provides a summary. An AI agent can go further. You could give an agent a goal such as: "Research three competitors, compare their pricing, summarize their main features, and prepare a report." The agent may then: 1) Understand the objective. 2) Break the task into smaller steps. 3) Searc...

Direct Memory Access

Direct Memory Access
* For devices that moves large quantities of data ( such as disk controllers ), it is wasteful to tie up the CPU transferring data in and out of registers one byte at a time.
* Instead this work can be off-loaded to a special processor, called as the Direct Memory Access, DMA, Controller.
* The host issues a command to the DMA controller, implicating the location where the data is located, the location where the data is to be moved to, and the number of bytes of data to moved. The DMA controller handles the data moved, and then interrupts the CPU when the transfer is complete.
* A simple DMA controller is a quality component in modern PCs, and many bus-
mastering I/O cards contain their possess DMA hardware.
* Handshaking between DMA controllers and their devices is fulfil by two wires called the DMA-request and DMA-acknowledge wires.
* While the DMA moves is going on the CPU does not have process to the PCI bus (including main memory ), but it does have process to its internal registers and primary and secondary caches.
* DMA can be complete in terms of either physical addresses or virtual addresses that are mapped to physical addresses. The latter method is known as Direct Virtual Memory Access, DVMA, and permits direct data transfer from one memory-mapped device to another without having the main memory chips.
* Direct DMA access by user processes can speed up operations, but is normally forbidden by modern systems for protection and security reasons. ( I.e. DMA is a kernel-mode operation. )
* Figure below shows the DMA process.

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