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Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)...

Control statement used in algorithms

CONTROL STRUCTURES USED IN ALGORITHMS
An algorithm has a finite number of steps. Some steps may involve decision-making and repetition. Broadly speaking, an algorithm may employ one of the following control structures: (a) sequence, 
(b) decision, and (c) repetition.

Sequence
By sequence, we mean that each step of an algorithm is executed in a specified order. Let us write an algorithm to 
add two numbers. This algorithm performs the steps in a purely sequential order, as shown in below.
Fig : Algorithm to add two numbers

Decision
Decision statements are used when the execution of a process depends on the outcome of some condition. For 
example, if x = y, then print EQUAL. So the general form of IF construct can be given as:
IF condition Then process
A condition in this context is any statement that may evaluate to either a true value or a false value. In the above example, a variable x can be either equal to y or not equal to y. However, it cannot 
be both true and false. If the condition is true, then the process is executed.
A decision statement can also be stated in the following manner:
IF condition
Then process1
ELSE process2
This form is popularly known as the IF–ELSE construct. Here, if the condition is true, then process1 is executed, else process2 is executed. Below fig shows an algorithm to check if two numbers 
are equal.
    Fig : Algorithm to test equality of two numbers

Repetition
Repetition, which involves executing one or more steps for a number of times, can be implemented using constructs such as while, do–while, and for loops. These loops execute one or more steps until some condition is true. Figure below shows an algorithm that prints the first 10 natural numbers
Fig: Algorithm to print first n natural numbers

Programming Examples
1. Write an algorithm for swapping two values.
Step 1: Input first number as A
Step 2: Input second number as B
Step 3: SET TEMP = A
Step 4: SET A = B
Step 5: SET B = TEMP
Step 6: PRINT A, B
Step 7: END

2. Write an algorithm to find the larger of two numbers.
Step 1: Input first number as A
Step 2: Input second number as B
Step 3: IF A>B
 PRINT A
ELSE
 IF A<B
 PRINT B
ELSE
 PRINT "The numbers are equal"
 [END OF IF]
[END OF IF]
Step 4: END

3. Write an algorithm to find whether a number is even or odd.
Step 1: Input number as A
Step 2: IF A%2 =0
 PRINT "EVEN"
ELSE
 PRINT "ODD"
[END OF IF]
Step 3: END

4. Write an algorithm to print the grade obtained by a student using the following rules.
Step 1: Enter the Marks obtained as M
Step 2: IF M>75
 PRINT O
Step 3: IF M>=60 AND M<75
 PRINT A
Step 4: IF M>=50 AND M<60
 PRINT B
Step 5: IF M>=40 AND M<50
 PRINT C
ELSE
 PRINT D
Less then 40 D
[END OF IF]
Step 6: END
Marks      Grade
Above 75.   O
60–75         A
50–59         B
40–49         C

5. Write an algorithm to find the sum of first N natural numbers.
Step 1: Input N
Step 2: SET I = 1, SUM = 0
Step 3: Repeat Step 4 while I <= N
Step 4: SET SUM = SUM + I
 SET I = I + 1
[END OF LOOP]
Step 5: PRINT SUM
Step 6: END

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