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Quiz based on Digital Principles and Computer Organization

1) Base of hexadecimal number system? Answer : 16 2) Universal gate in digital logic? Answer : NAND 3) Memory type that is non-volatile? Answer : ROM 4) Basic building block of digital circuits? Answer : Gate 5) Device used for data storage in sequential circuits? Answer : Flip-flop 6) Architecture with shared memory for instructions and data? Answer : von Neumann 7) The smallest unit of data in computing? Answer : Bit 8) Unit that performs arithmetic operations in a CPU? Answer : ALU 9) Memory faster than main memory but smaller in size? Answer : Cache 10) System cycle that includes fetch, decode, and execute? Answer : Instruction 11) Type of circuit where output depends on present input only? Answer : Combinational 12) The binary equivalent of decimal 10? Answer : 1010 13) Memory used for high-speed temporary storage in a CPU? Answer : Register 14) Method of representing negative numbers in binary? Answer : Two's complement 15) Gate that inverts its input signal? Answer : NOT 16)

Points to Remember

• A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data either in computer’s memory or on the disk storage so that it can be used efficiently.
• There are two types of data structures: primitive and non-primitive data structures. Primitive data structures are the fundamental data types which 
are supported by a programming language. Non-primitive data structures are those data structures which are created using primitive data structures.
• Non-primitive data structures can further be classified into two categories: linear and non-linear data structures. 
• If the elements of a data structure are stored in a linear or sequential order, then it is a linear data structure. However, if the elements of a data structure are not stored in sequential order, then it is a non-linear data structure. 
• An array is a collection of similar data elements which are stored in consecutive memory locations.
• A linked list is a linear data structure consisting of a group of elements (called nodes) which together represent a sequence.
• A stack is a last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure in which insertion and deletion of elements are done at only one end, which is known as the top of the stack. 
• A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure in which the element that is inserted first is the first to be taken out. The elements in a queue are added at 
one end called the rear and removed from the other end called the front.
• A tree is a non-linear data structure which consists of a collection of nodes arranged in a hierarchical tree structure. 
• The simplest form of a tree is a binary tree. A binary tree consists of a root node and left and right sub-trees, where both sub-trees are also binary trees. 
• A graph is often viewed as a generalization of the tree structure, where instead of a purely parent-to-child 
relationship between tree nodes, any kind of complex relationships can exist between the nodes.
• An abstract data type (ADT) is the way we look at a data structure, focusing on what it does and ignoring how it does its job.
• An algorithm is basically a set of instructions that solve a problem. 
• The time complexity of an algorithm is basically the running time of the program as a function of the input size. 
• The space complexity of an algorithm is the amount of computer memory required during the program execution as a function of the input size. 
• The worst-case running time of an algorithm is an upper bound on the running time for any input.
• The average-case running time specifies the expected behaviour of the algorithm when the input is randomly drawn from a given distribution.
• Amortized analysis guarantees the average performance of each operation in the worst case. 
• The efficiency of an algorithm is expressed in terms of the number of elements that has to be processed and the type of the loop that is being used.

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