Smart Grids and Energy Storage Systems: Powering the Future of Energy In today’s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the push towards sustainability, efficiency, and reliability is stronger than ever. Traditional power grids, though robust in their time, are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of a modern, digital, and environmentally conscious society. This is where smart grids and energy storage systems (ESS) come into play — revolutionizing how electricity is generated, distributed, and consumed. What is a Smart Grid? A smart grid is an advanced electrical network that uses digital communication, automation, and real-time monitoring to optimize the production, delivery, and consumption of electricity. Unlike conventional grids, which operate in a one-way flow (from generation to end-user), smart grids enable a two-way flow of information and energy. Key Features of Smart Grids: Real-time monitoring of power usage and quality. Automated fault detection and rapid restoration. Int...
• A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data either in computer’s memory or on the disk storage so that it can be used efficiently.
• There are two types of data structures: primitive and non-primitive data structures. Primitive data structures are the fundamental data types which
are supported by a programming language. Non-primitive data structures are those data structures which are created using primitive data structures.
• Non-primitive data structures can further be classified into two categories: linear and non-linear data structures.
• If the elements of a data structure are stored in a linear or sequential order, then it is a linear data structure. However, if the elements of a data structure are not stored in sequential order, then it is a non-linear data structure.
• An array is a collection of similar data elements which are stored in consecutive memory locations.
• A linked list is a linear data structure consisting of a group of elements (called nodes) which together represent a sequence.
• A stack is a last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure in which insertion and deletion of elements are done at only one end, which is known as the top of the stack.
• A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure in which the element that is inserted first is the first to be taken out. The elements in a queue are added at
one end called the rear and removed from the other end called the front.
• A tree is a non-linear data structure which consists of a collection of nodes arranged in a hierarchical tree structure.
• The simplest form of a tree is a binary tree. A binary tree consists of a root node and left and right sub-trees, where both sub-trees are also binary trees.
• A graph is often viewed as a generalization of the tree structure, where instead of a purely parent-to-child
relationship between tree nodes, any kind of complex relationships can exist between the nodes.
• An abstract data type (ADT) is the way we look at a data structure, focusing on what it does and ignoring how it does its job.
• An algorithm is basically a set of instructions that solve a problem.
• The time complexity of an algorithm is basically the running time of the program as a function of the input size.
• The space complexity of an algorithm is the amount of computer memory required during the program execution as a function of the input size.
• The worst-case running time of an algorithm is an upper bound on the running time for any input.
• The average-case running time specifies the expected behaviour of the algorithm when the input is randomly drawn from a given distribution.
• Amortized analysis guarantees the average performance of each operation in the worst case.
• The efficiency of an algorithm is expressed in terms of the number of elements that has to be processed and the type of the loop that is being used.