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Smart Grids and Energy Storage Systems

Smart Grids and Energy Storage Systems: Powering the Future of Energy In today’s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the push towards sustainability, efficiency, and reliability is stronger than ever. Traditional power grids, though robust in their time, are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of a modern, digital, and environmentally conscious society. This is where smart grids and energy storage systems (ESS) come into play — revolutionizing how electricity is generated, distributed, and consumed. What is a Smart Grid? A smart grid is an advanced electrical network that uses digital communication, automation, and real-time monitoring to optimize the production, delivery, and consumption of electricity. Unlike conventional grids, which operate in a one-way flow (from generation to end-user), smart grids enable a two-way flow of information and energy. Key Features of Smart Grids: Real-time monitoring of power usage and quality. Automated fault detection and rapid restoration. Int...

Pointers

Pointers
Every variable in C has a name and a value associated with it. When a variable is declared, a specific block of memory within the computer is allocated to hold the value of that variable. The size of the 
allocated block depends on the data type. 
Consider the following statement.
int x = 10;
When this statement executes, the compiler sets aside 2 bytes of memory to hold the value 10. 
It also sets up a symbol table in which it adds the symbol x and the relative address in the memory where those 2 bytes were set aside.
(Note the size of integer may vary from one system to another. On 32 bit systems, integer variable is allocated 4 bytes while on 16 bit systems it is allocated 2 bytes.) 
Thus, every variable in C has a value and also a memory location (commonly known as address) associated with it. We will use terms rvalue and lvalue for the value and the address of the variable, respectively.
The rvalue appears on the right side of the assignment statement (10 in the above statement) and cannot be used on the left side of the assignment statement. Therefore, writing 10 = k; is 
illegal. If we write,
int x, y;
x = 10;
y = x;
then, we have two integer variables x and y. The compiler reserves memory for the integer variable x and stores the rvalue 10 in it. When we say y = x, then x is interpreted as its rvalue since it is 
on the right hand side of the assignment operator =. Therefore, here x refers to the value stored at the memory location set aside for x, in this case 10. After this statement is executed, the rvalue
of y is also 10.
You must be wondering why we are discussing addresses and lvalues. Actually pointers are nothing but memory addresses. A pointer is a variable that contains the memory location of another 
variable. Therefore, a pointer is a variable that represents the location of a data item, such as a variable or an array element. Pointers are frequently used in C, as they have a number of useful applications. These applications include:
* Pointers are used to pass information back and forth between functions.
* Pointers enable the programmers to return multiple data items from a function via function 
arguments.
* Pointers provide an alternate way to access the individual elements of an array.
* Pointers are used to pass arrays and strings as function arguments. We will discuss this in subsequent chapters.
* Pointers are used to create complex data structures, such as trees, linked lists, linked stacks, linked queues, and graphs.
* Pointers are used for the dynamic memory allocation of a variable (refer Appendix A on memory allocation in C programs).

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